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Dan Shen
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Pinyin: Dan Shen
Chinese: 丹參
Pharmaceutical: Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae
Taxonomy: Salvia miltiorrhiza
English: Red Sage Root / Salvia Root / Zi Dan Shen 紫丹參 (Purple Cinnabar Ginseng) / Xue Shen 血參 (Blood Ginseng) |
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Tastes: Bitter, slightly cold
Meridians Entered: Heart and Liver |
Actions & Indications:
- Clears Heat and soothes irritability
Ying Stage Heat with restlessness, irritability, palpitations and insomnia
Heart and Kidney Yin Deficiency
- Cools the Blood and reduces abscesses
Adjunctive to treat sores or early-stage breast abscesses
- Nourishes the Blood and calms the Spirit
Palpitations and insomnia due to Ying and Xue Stage Heat or Heart Blood Deficiency
Agitation due to Gu Parasites / chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 5-15g in decoction.
Cautions: Use with caution for pregnant women. Contraindicated to Li Lu. |
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Sheng Di Huang
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Pinyin: Sheng Di Huang
Chinese: 生地黃
Pharmaceutical: Radix Rehmanniae
Taxonomy: Rehmannia glutinosa
English: Chinese Foxglove Root / Rehmannia Root |
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Tastes: Sweet, bitter, cold
Meridians Entered: Heart, Liver, Stomach and Kidney |
Actions & Indications:
- Clears Heat and cools the Blood
Ying Stage Heat with high fever, thirst and a scarlet tongue
Xue Stage Heat
Hemorrhage due to Blood Heat
- Nourishes Yin, generates fluids, increases saliva and treats wasting and thirsting
Yin Deficiency with Heat signs
Injury to fluids
Throat pain due to Yin Deficiency
Wasting and thirsting disorder (消渴 Xiao Ke - diabetes)
- Cools Heart Fire
Heart Fire
- Calms the Spirit agitated by Parasites damaging the Yin
Gu Sydnrome (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
- Breaks up Blood Stasis, expels Cold and Hot Bi, replenishes Bone Marrow and promotes the growth of Muscles and Flesh
Broken bones or severed sinews from falls and a damaged center (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing)
- Aids fasting
Mentioned in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as part of the superior class of herbs which can, with protracted taking, make the body light, and prevent forgetfulness. This may suggest it was part of supplementing the diet when engaging in an "avoiding grain" (Bigu 辟穀) fasting regime to cultivate life (Yangsheng 養生).
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Standard Dosage: 10-15g in decoction.
Cautions: It is contraindicated in cases of diarrhea, abdomen distention due to spleen deficiency. |
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Shu Di Huang
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Pinyin: Shu Di Huang
Chinese: 熟地黄
Pharmaceutical: Radix Rehmanniae Preparata
Taxonomy: Rehmannia glutinosa
English: Prepared Chinese Foxglove Root |
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Tastes: Sweet, slightly warm
Meridians Entered: Kidney and Liver |
Actions & Indications:
- Nourishes the Blood
Blood Deficiency with facial pallor, dizziness, palpitations, insomnia, irregular menstruation, uterine bleeding and postpartum bleeding
- Nourishes Liver and Kidney Yin
Kidney and Liver Yin Deficiency with a weak low back and limbs, dizziness, tinnitus, tidal fevers, night sweats and nocturnal emissions
- Strongly enriches Yin and relieves wasting and thirsting disorder
Lower Jiao wasting (it can be used as a stand-alone herb for this)
- Nourishes Jing and Blood and fills the Marrow
Exhausted Jing and Blood problems such as delayed development during childhood, blunted affect, premature aging, diminished mental acuity, graying of hair, impotence and memory loss
- Arrests coughing and wheezing
Kidney Deficient coughing, wheezing and asthma, such as inability of the Kidneys to grasp Qi
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Standard Dosage: 10-30g in decoction.
Cautions: It should be used with cautions for spleen and stomach deficiency, loose stool due to fullness in abdomen and qi stagnation with excessive phlegm because it is greasy and will produce indigestion. |
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Shan Yao
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Pinyin: Shan Yao
Chinese: 山药
Pharmaceutical: Rhizoma Dioscoreae
Taxonomy: Dioscorea polystachya syn. batatas
English: Chinese Yam / Shu Yu |
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Tastes: Sweet, neutral
Meridians Entered: Spleen, Lung and Kidney |
Actions & Indications:
- Tonifies the Spleen, nourishes Stomach Yin and stops diarrhoea
Spleen or Stomach Deficiency with diarrhoea, fatigue, spontaneous sweating and anorexia
- Tonifies Lung Qi and nourishes Lung Yin
Lung Qi and/or Yin Deficiency with chronic cough
- Tonifies Kidney Yin and astringes Jing
Kidney Qi Deficiency with spermatorrhea, urinary frequency and vaginal discharge
消渴 Xiao Ke due to Qi and Yin Deficiency
- Aids fasting
Mentioned in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as part of the superior class of herbs which can, with protracted taking, sharpen the ears and eyes, make the body light, make one free from hunger and prolong life. This may suggest it was part of supplementing the diet when engaging in an "avoiding grain" (Bigu 辟穀) fasting regime to cultivate life (Yangsheng 養生). Despite being a starchy vegetable, this may still have been an appropriate addition to a ketogenic diet as the starches are mostly resistant and many of its other compounds have been shown to have blood glucose reducing effects, making it a potential important source of this essential nutrient group while engaging in a low carbohydrate diet.
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Standard Dosage: 5-30g in decoction. Very large doses, up to 500g have been used in trials for diabetes management.
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Fu Ling
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Pinyin: Fu Ling
Chinese: 茯苓
Pharmaceutical: Poria
Taxonomy: Poria cocos syn. Wolfiporia extensa
English: China-Root / Hoelen / Tuckahoe / Indian Bread |
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Tastes: Sweet, bland, neutral
Meridians Entered: Heart, Spleen, and Kidney |
Actions & Indications:
- Strengthens the Spleen and harmonizes the Middle Jiao
Spleen Deficiency Dampness with anorexia, diarrhoea and epigastric distention
- Strengthens the Spleen
Phlegm Dampness due to Spleen Deficiency with thin mucus in which Phlegm moves upward manifesting as palpitations, headache, dizziness and a thick, greasy tongue coat
- Promotes urination and leaches out Dampness
Urinary difficulty, diarrhoea or oedema due to Stagnation of Fluids or Dampness
- Quiets the Heart, calms the Spirit and soothes the nerves
Palpitations, insomnia or forgetfulness due to either Spleen and Heart Insufficiency or Internal Obstruction of Turbid Phlegm
- Aids fasting
Mentioned in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as part of the superior class of herbs which can, with protracted taking, quiet the Hun, nourish the Shen, make one free from hunger and prolong life. This may suggest it was part of supplementing the diet when engaging in an "avoiding grain" (Bigu 辟穀) fasting regime to cultivate life (Yangsheng 養生).
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Standard Dosage: 9-15g in decoction.
Cautions: It is contraindicated for spermatorrhea due to deficiency-cold. |
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Mu Dan Pi
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Pinyin: Mu Dan Pi
Chinese: 牡丹皮
Pharmaceutical: Cortex radicis Moutan
Taxonomy: Paeonia suffruticosa
English: Tree Peony Root Bark / Moutan Peony Root Bark |
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Tastes: Bitter, pungent, light cold
Meridians Entered: Heart, Liver and Kidney |
Actions & Indications:
- Clears Heat and cools (and harmonizes) the Blood
Xue Stage Heat with epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematemesis or subcutaneous bleeding
Menorrhagia due to Blood Heat
- Clears Deficiency Fire
Yin Deficiency Heat signs especially in the aftermath of Warm Febrile Disease with fever at night and coolness in the morning (most appropriate when the is no sweating)
- Invigorates the Blood and dispels Blood Stasis
Blood Stasis with amenorrhea, abdominal masses, lumps or bruises due to trauma
Liver Blood Stagnation
- Clears Liver Fire
Liver Fire with headache, eye pain, flank pain, flushing and dysmenorrhea
- Drains pus and reduces swelling
Non-draining sores (topical)
Intestinal abscesses (internal)
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Standard Dosage: 6-12g in decoction.
Cautions: It is contraindicated in cases of profuse menstruation and pregnant women. |
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Ze Xie
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Pinyin: Ze Xie
Chinese: 澤瀉
Pharmaceutical: Rhizoma Alismatis
Taxonomy: Alisma plantago-aquatica seu orientale
English: Water Plantain Rhizome |
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Tastes: Sweet, bland, cold
Meridians Entered: Kidney and Bladder |
Actions & Indications:
- Promotes urination and leaches out Dampness
Stagnation due to Dampness with urinary difficulty, painful urinary dysfunction, diarrhoea and dizziness
Especially useful for Damp-Heat in the Lower Jiao
- Settles Ministerial Fire in the Kidneys by draining Damp-Heat from the lower Jiao
Spermatorrhea due to Damp-Heat in the Lower Jiao disturbing the ministerial Fire of the Kidneys
- Drains Kidney Fire
Kidney Yin Deficiency with Fire Rising
- Aids fasting
Mentioned in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as part of the superior class of herbs which can, with protracted taking, sharpen the ears and eyes, make one free from hunger, prolong life, make the body light, render the face brilliant, and enable one to walk over water. This may suggest it was part of supplementing the diet when engaging in an "avoiding grain" (Bigu 辟穀) fasting regime to cultivate life (Yangsheng 養生).
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Standard Dosage: 4.5-15g in decoction. Sometimes up to 30g in extreme cases.
Cautions: Overdose, extended use or combination with diuretic drugs could cause electrolyte imbalance due to diuretic effect. |
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Rou Gui
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Pinyin: Rou Gui
Chinese: 肉桂
Pharmaceutical: Cortex Cinnamomi
Taxonomy: Cinnamomum cassia
English: Cinnamon Bark |
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Tastes: Pungent, sweet, hot
Meridians Entered: Kidney, Spleen, Heart and Liver |
Actions & Indications:
- Warms the Kidneys, Spleen and Heart and strengthens Yang and Ming Men Fire
Kidney Yang Deficiency and Deficiency of Ming-Men Fire with aversion to Cold, cold limbs, weak back, impotence and urinary frequency
Spleen and Kidney Yang Deficiency with abdominal pain and Cold, reduced appetite and diarrhoea
Kidney Unable to Grasp Qi
Heart Yang Deficiency, particularly with chest Bi
- Disperses deep Cold, warms the channels, unblocks the channels and vessels and alleviates pain
Deep Cold causing Qi Stagnation or Blood Stasis with Cold in the Blood causing amenorrhea or dysmenorrhea, Cold-Damp Bi, Yin-type boils (chronic sores that are usually concave and ooze a clear fluid) and sores or abscesses that do not heal
It enters the Blood aspect and, in small amounts, enhances the Blood moving action of other substances
- Leads the Fire back to its source
Upward Floating of Deficient Yang (False Heat, True Cold or Heat Above and Cold Below) with flushed face, wheezing, severe sweating (the sweat pours out like oil), weak and cold lower extremities and a deficient and rootless pulse
Any condition with Heat in the Upper body (dry mouth, sore throat, or teeth which is worse at night) and Cold in the Lower body (Lower back pain, cold lower extremities, diarrhoea and weakness in the proximal portion of the pulse)
- Assists in the generation of Qi and Blood
Chronic Qi and Blood Deficiency (auxiliary)
- Aids fasting
Mentioned in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as part of the superior class of herbs which can, with protracted taking, enable one to communicate with spirits, make the body light, and prevent forgetfulness. This may suggest it was part of supplementing the diet when engaging in an "avoiding grain" (Bigu 辟穀) fasting regime to cultivate life (Yangsheng 養生).
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Standard Dosage: 1-5g in decoction. It should be decocted later.
Cautions: It is contraindicated for syndrome of yin deficiency with fire effulgent, haemorrhage due to blood heat and pregnant women. It is incompatible with Chi Shi Zhi (nineteen incompatibilities). |
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Ji Xue Teng
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Pinyin: Ji Xue Teng
Chinese: 鸡血藤
Pharmaceutical: Caulis Spatholobi
English: Millettia Root and Vine |
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Tastes: Bitter, lightly sweet, warm
Meridians Entered: Liver and Kidney |
Actions & Indications:
- Invigorates and tonifies the Blood
Blood Deficiency with dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation, or amenorrhea along with abdominal pain
- Activates the channels and relaxes the sinews
Numbness of the extremities, lower back pain, knee pain or general soreness of the joints due to Wind-Damp Bi with either Blood Deficiency or Stasis
Weak extremities in the elderly Paralysis and vertigo due to Blood Stasis or Wind-Stroke
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Standard Dosage: 3-10g in decoction.
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Zi He Che
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Pinyin: Zi He Che
Chinese: 紫河车
Pharmaceutical: Placenta Hominis
Taxonomy: Homo sapiens
English: Placenta |
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Tastes: Sweet, salty, warm, toxic
Meridians Entered: Lung, Liver and Kidney |
Actions & Indications:
- Strongly tonifies the Liver and Kidneys and strengthens Jing
Extreme Deficiency Taxation with insufficiency of Kidney Qi, Blood, Yin and Jing Deficiency with night sweats, emaciation, debilty, infertility, impotence, spermatorrhea, decreased libido, low back pain, light-headedness and tinnitus
- Tonifies Qi and nourishes the Blood
Exhaustion of Qi and Blood with emaciation, pallor and insufficient lactation especially in the aftermath of a major illness
Unremitting seizure disorder
- Assists the Kidneys to grasp the Lung Qi
Wheezing due to Lung and Kidney Deficiency
Especially useful between acute attacks
Consumption with night sweats, emaciation, debility and chronic cases of cough and wheezing
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Standard Dosage: 1.5-3g as pills or powder. Traditionally prepared by rinsing it clean and then simmering it in liquor, drying it, and grinding it into a powder.
Cautions: Human products are prohibited from use in the UK under the Medicines Act 1968 ch. 67 which restricts herbalists to the use of plant products only. It is generally substituted with other Jing tonics.
Contraindicated post-partum or during lactation as the oestrogen and progesterone it contains can inhibit lactation and increase the risk of post-partum depression (Hollister, 2023).
Traditionally cautioned as a potent, toxic medicine due to its exposure to Foetal Toxin (胎毒) in the mother's womb and used only for a few extreme circumstances, never post-partum and never consumed by the mother herself but prepared by specialist physicians and sold to strangers (Wilms, 2016). |
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Gu Sui Bu
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Pinyin: Gu Sui Bu
Chinese: 骨碎补
Pharmaceutical: Rhizoma Drynariae
English: Boneknit Rhizome / Fortune's Drynaria Rhizome |
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Tastes: Bitter, warm
Meridians Entered: Liver and Kidney |
Actions & Indications:
- Tonifies Kidney Yang, strengthens the sinews and bones and benefits the ears (also helps regain strength after injuries)
Weak low back and knees, diarrhoea, tinnitus, diminished hearing, loose, painful teeth and bleeding gums associated with Kidney Deficiency
- Promotes mending of sinews and bones
Traumatic injuries such as falls, fractures, contusions and sprains
Especially useful for ligament injuries and simple fractures
- Stimulates hair growth (topical)
Topically as a tincture for alopecia
- Invigorates the Blood
Blood Stagnation especially due to trauma
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Standard Dosage: 3 - 9g dried in decoction, or 6 - 15g if fresh, or applied topically to site.
Cautions: This herb is warm that can invigorate yang. Use with cautions for the yin deficiency and internal heat. |
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Lou Lu
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Pinyin: Lou Lu
Chinese: 漏蘆
Pharmaceutical: Radix Rhapontici seu Echinopsis
Taxonomy: Rhaponticum uniflorum seu Echinops grijsii seu ritro
English: Uniflower Swisscentaury or Globeflower Root |
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Tastes: Bitter, cold
Meridians Entered: Stomach |
Actions & Indications:
- Clears Heat, resolves toxicity, drains abscesses and swellings and expels pus
Early stages of sores and abscesses when they are red, swollen and painful
Especially for swelling and pain in the breast area
- Causes milk to descend (promotes lactation)
Encourages lactation, especially when there are signs of Heat
- Aids fasting
Mentioned in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as part of the superior class of herbs which can, with protracted taking, make the body light, boost Qi, sharpen the eyes and ears, prevent forgetfulness and prolong life. This may suggest it was part of supplementing the diet when engaging in an "avoiding grain" (Bigu 辟穀) fasting regime to cultivate life (Yangsheng 養生).
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Standard Dosage: 5-9g in decoction.
Cautions: It is contraindicated to patients with qi deficiency, sores and ulcers in flat shape, and the pregnant women. |
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Wu Wei Zi
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Pinyin: Wu Wei Zi
Chinese: 五味子
Pharmaceutical: Fructus Schisandrae
Taxonomy: Schisandra chinensis
English: Schisandra Fruit / Chinese Magnolia-vine Fruit |
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Tastes: Sour, sweet, warm
Meridians Entered: Lung, Heart and Kidney |
Actions & Indications:
- Astringes the leakage of Lung Qi and stops coughing
Chronic cough and wheezing due to Lung Qi Deficiency
Lung and Kidney Deficiency patterns
- Tonifies the Kidneys, binds up Essence (astringes Jing) and stops diarrhoea and spermatorrhea
Kidney Deficiency with nocturnal emissions, spermatorrhea, vaginal discharge and urinary frequency
Spleen and Kidney Deficiency with daybreak diarrhoea
- Astringes sweat and generates fluids
Excessive sweating. especially when accompanied by thirst or a dry throat
In combination, it is used for spontaneous sweating, night sweats and wasting and thirsting disorder
- Quiets the Spirit and calms and contains Heart Qi
Heart and Kidney Blood and Yin Deficiency, with irritability, palpitations, dream-disturbed sleep and insomnia
- Tonifies Qi
Heart and Spleen Qi Deficiency
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Standard Dosage: 3-6g in decoction. 1-3g as powder.
Cautions: It is contraindicated in cases of external pathogen existence, internal excess heat, acute cough, early stage of measles. |
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Yu Jin
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Pinyin: Yu Jin
Chinese: 鬱金
Pharmaceutical: Radix Curcumae
Taxonomy: Curcuma aromatica seu wenyujin
English: Turmeric Tuber |
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Tastes: Pungent, bitter, cold
Meridians Entered: Liver, Gallbladder and Heart |
Actions & Indications:
- Invigorates the Blood, dispels Blood Stasis, regulates Qi flow, speeds healing of chronic sores and alleviates pain
Blood Stasis due to trauma (topical and internal)
Chronic sores
Liver Qi Stagnation with chest, flank menstrual and abdominal pain
Especially useful for Liver Qi Stagnation with Heat signs
- Clears Heat and cools the Blood
Xue Level Heat with epistaxis, hematemesis and hematuria
Especially for epistaxis at the onset of menstruation (Inverted menstruation)
- Clears the Heart and Pericardium and opens the Orifices
Phlegm Heat Obstructing the Heart Orifices with anxiety, agitation, seizures or mental derangement
- Benefits the Gallbladder and reduces jaundice
Gallbladder disorders Jaundice
- Kills Parasites and expels Demons
Gu Sydnrome (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 5-12g in decoction.
Cautions: Use with cautions for pregnant women because this herb can activate blood and resolve stasis leading to uterine excitation. Do not combine with Ding Xiang.
Due to its ability to increase bile secretion, caution should be used in cases of gallstones and avoided in biliary tract obstruction. |
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Huang Qi
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Pinyin: Huang Qi
Chinese: 黄芪
Pharmaceutical: Radix Astragali
Taxonomy: Astragalus membranaceus
English: Astragalus Root / Mongolian Milkvetch Root |
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Tastes: Sweet, warm
Meridians Entered: Lung and Spleen |
Actions & Indications:
- Tonifies Qi and Blood
Postpartum fever due to Qi and Blood Deficiency
Recovery from severe Blood loss
- Strengthens the Spleen and raises the Yang Qi of the Spleen and Stomach
Spleen Qi Deficiency with anorexia, fatigue and diarrhoea
Central Qi Sinking (prolapse)
Lung and Spleen Qi Deficiency
Qi Failing to contain Blood
Qi and Blood Deficiency
Fever from Qi Deficiency
- Tonifies Wei Qi, stabilizes the Exterior and tonifies the Lungs (aids circulation of moisture downward from the face)
Wei Qi Deficiency with spontaneous sweating
Lung Qi Deficiency with frequent colds or shortness of breath
Excessive sweating associated with Qi, Yang or Yin Deficiency
Dampness in the head
- Promotes urination and reduces oedema
Spleen Deficiency oedema or superficial oedema with reduced urination (It can be used as a stand-alone herb for this)
- Promotes the discharge of pus, generates flesh and expels toxins
Chronic ulcerations and sores that either have trouble forming pus or have formed pus but are not draining well
- Generates Body Fluids
Wasting and thirsting disorder (消渴 Xiao Ke)
Bi Syndrome with numbness of the limbs and paralysis
- Relieves numbness and pain
Numbness and pain due to Deficiency of Qi and Blood
- Tonifies the Qi while suppressing Parasites
Gu Sydnrome (Fruehauf, 1998)
Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)
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Standard Dosage: 10-15g in decoction. Large dosages of up to 30g can be used for severe debilitation, Blood deficiency or unhealing sores (e.g. Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang).
Cautions: It is contraindicated in cases of exterior excess with excessive pathogen, internal obstruction, yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity, early stage of sores and ulcers of excessive pathogen and no deficiency of heathy qi, because it can tonify qi, raise yang and strengthen superficial.Caution with patients on immunosuppressents due to its immune modulating effects. |
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Ye Ju Hua
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Pinyin: Ye Ju Hua
Chinese: 野菊花
Pharmaceutical: Flos Chrysanthemi Indici
English: Wild Chrysanthemum Flower |
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Tastes: Bitter, pungent, slightly cold
Meridians Entered: Liver, Lung and Heart |
Actions & Indications:
- Drains Fire and resolves toxicity
Fire toxicity with sore, swollen throat
Furuncles, carbuncles and sores (Chuang Yung)
Liver-Wind Fire causing red eyes
As an external wash for itching
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Standard Dosage: 10-15g in decoction.
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Gou Qi Zi
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Pinyin: Gou Qi Zi
Chinese: 枸杞子
Pharmaceutical: Fructus Lycii
Taxonomy: Lycium barbarum seu chinense
English: Goji Berries / Wolfberries / Boxthorn Berries |
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Tastes: Sweet, neutral
Meridians Entered: Liver and Kidney |
Actions & Indications:
- Nourishes and tonifies Liver and Kidney Blood and Yin
Blood and Yin Deficiency with sore back and legs, low-grade abdominal pain, impotence, nocturnal emissions, wasting and thirsting disorder and consumption
Liver and Kidney Deficiency
Added to baths during spring to promote skin health and delay aging
- Benefits Jing and brightens the eyes
Liver and Kidney Deficiency where Jing and Blood cannot nourish eyes with dizziness, blurred vision and diminished visual acuity
- Nourishes Yin and moistens the Lungs
Consumptive cough and wasting and thirsting disorder
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Standard Dosage: 10-15g in decoction.
Cautions: In vitro testing suggests that unidentified wolfberry phytochemicals in goji tea may inhibit metabolism of other medications, such as those processed by the cytochrome P450 liver enzymes. Such drugs include warfarin, or drugs for diabetes or hypertension. However, no in vivo statistics support this. |
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