Pinyin: Di Gu Pi / Gou Qi Gen Pi  Chinese: 地骨皮 / 枸杞根皮
Pharmaceutical: Cortex Lycii
Taxonomy: Lycium barbarum seu chinense
English: Goji Berry Root Bark / Wolfberry Root Bark / Boxthorn ROot Bark

Tastes: Sweet, slightly bitter, cold
Meridians Entered: Liver, Kidney and Lung

Actions & Indications:

1. Cools the Blood and drains Yin Deficiency Fire (steaming bones) - (drains Kidney Fire, eliminates lurking Heat, and clears Heat from the bones)
   Yin Deficiency with Empty Fire Rising (Kidney Fire) with night sweats, steaming bone disorder with sweating, chronic low-grade fever, irritability and thirst
   Toothache from Floating Fire in the Kidney channel
2. Clears and drains Heat in the Lung
   Lung Heat cough or wheezing
3. Clears Heat, cools the Blood and stops bleeding
   Various bleeding disorders characterized by Heat in the Blood
4. Aids fasting
   Mentioned in the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as part of the superior class of herbs which can, with protracted taking, fortify the sinews and bones, make the body light, and slow ageing. This may suggest it was part of supplementing the diet when engaging in an "avoiding grain" (Bigu 辟穀) fasting regime to cultivate life (Yangsheng 養生).

Standard Dosage: 9-15g in decoction.

Pinyin: Sheng Jiang Pi  Chinese: 生姜皮
Pharmaceutical: Exocarpium Zingiberis Recentis
English: Ginger Peel

Tastes: Pungent, cool
Meridians Entered: Spleen and Lung

Actions:
Promote diuresis and relieve swelling.

Indications:
Difficult urination and edema

Standard Dosage: 1-3g in decoction.

Pinyin: Fu Ling Pi  Chinese: 茯苓皮
Pharmaceutical: Sclerotum Poriae excorio
Taxonomy: Poria cocos syn. Wolfiporia extensa
English: China-Root Peel

Tastes: Sweet, bland and neutral
Meridians Entered: Kidney and Bladder

Actions & Indications:

1. Promotes urination and leaches out Dampness
   Urinary difficulty, diarrhoea or oedema due to Stagnation of Fluids or Dampness
   Fluid Stagnation
   Damp-Heat
2. Strengthens the Spleen and harmonizes the Middle Jiao
   Spleen Deficiency Dampness with anorexia, diarrhoea and epigastric distention
3. Strengthens the Spleen
   Phlegm Dampness due to Spleen Deficiency with thin mucus in which Phlegm moves upward manifesting as palpitations, headache, dizziness and a thick, greasy tongue coat
4. Quiets the Heart, calms the Spirit and soothes the nerves
   Palpitations, insomnia or forgetfulness due to either Spleen and Heart Insufficiency or Internal Obstruction of Turbid Phlegm

Standard Dosage: 15-30g in decoction.

Pinyin: Wu Jia Pi  Chinese: 五加皮
Pharmaceutical: Cortex Acanthopanacis gracilistyli
Taxonomy: Eleutherococcus gracilistylus
English: Eleuthrococcus Bark

Tastes: Pungent, bitter and sweet, warm
Meridians Entered: Liver and Kidney

Actions & Indications:

1. Dispels Wind-Dampness, nourishes (warms) the Liver and Kidneys and strengthens sinews and bones
   Chronic Wind-Cold-Damp Bi with underlying Kidney and Liver Deficiencies generating weak or soft bones or sinews
2. Transforms Dampness and reduces swelling
   Urinary difficulty, oedema, and Cold Damp “Leg Qi”
3. Tonifies the Qi while suppressing Parasites
   Gu Sydnrome (Fruehauf, 1998)
   Chronic inflammatory disease (Fruehauf, 2015)

Standard Dosage: 5-10g in decoction, or soaked in wine.
Cautions: Caution must be taken to have the correct species. Cortex Periplocae (Xiang Jia Pi) is often mistaken for this herb but contains toxic cardiac glycosides which could be dangerous, as well as poorer therapeutic effects and none of the adaptogenic properties of Wu Jia Pi (Complemedis.com).

Pinyin: Da Fu Pi  Chinese: 大腹皮
Pharmaceutical: Pericarpium Arecae
English: Betel Husk

Tastes: Pungent, slightly warm
Meridians Entered: Spleen, Stomach, Large Intestine and Small Intestine

Actions & Indications:

1. Descends Qi and eases the Middle
   Damp Stagnation in the Stomach and Intestines, Food Stagnation or Qi Stagnation in the Middle with epigastric and abdominal distention, focal distention, a stifling sensation and belching with acid regurgitation
   Especially useful when the above conditions are accompanied by incomplete or irregular bowel movements
2. Promotes urination and reduces oedema
   Abdominal distention accompanied by oedema, especially superficial oedema or symptoms of Food Stagnation
   Damp leg Qi

Standard Dosage: 5-10g in decoction.
Cautions: This herb is prohibited from use in the UK under the banned and restricted herbal ingredients list issued by the MHRA and so is generally substituted with Zhi Shi and Yu Li Ren.